human rcc cell lines a498  (ATCC)

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: USP20 governs tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance through ferroptosis evasion by targeting GPX4 in cancers

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104086

Figure Lengend Snippet: TKI-resistant cancer cells exhibit reduced ferroptosis susceptibility due to increased GPX4 stability. ( A ) Development of sorafenib-resistant (Sora-R) cell models. Renal carcinoma 769-P cells were subjected to chronic sorafenib exposure (initial 0.5 μM for 5 days, followed by 1 μM dose escalation every 5 days until reaching 10 μM, then cultured in medium with 10 μM sorafenib for 3 month). Surviving populations were designated as Sora-R. The validity of this treatment was assessed in parental and Sora-R cells after 24 h sorafenib treatment using MTT assays. ( B ) The validity of sorafenib-resistant cells with colony formation assay. Sorafenib-resistant and parental cells was cultured for 7 days while treated with indicated concentration of sorafenib. The colony number was measured with Image J. ( C-D ) Parental and Sora-R 769-P cells were treated with 30 μM sorafenib for 6 h after pretreated with Tempol (50 μM), EUK-143 (50 μM), DFO (50 μM), and Fer-1 (1 μM) for 2 h, followed by quantification of total ROS using fluorescence microscope with DCFH-DA probe. Scale bar: 50 μm. ( E ) ROS generation and clearance. ( F ) Parental and Sora-R 769-P cells were treated with 30 μM sorafenib for 6 h, then quantified of GPX4 activity. ( G-H ) Parental and Sora-R 769-P cells were treated with 30 μM sorafenib for 6 h after pretreated with Tempol (50 μM), EUK-143 (50 μM), DFO (50 μM), and Fer-1 (1 μM) for 2 h, followed by quantification of lipid ROS using fluorescence microscope with C11-BODIPY 581/591 probe. Scale bar: 50 μm. ( I ) Parental and Sora-R 769-P cells were treated with 30 μM sorafenib for 6 h after pretreated with DFO (50 μM) and Fer-1 (1 μM) for 2 h, followed by quantification of MDA via ELISA kits. ( J-K ) Parental and Sora-R cells were treated with 30 μM IKE for 6 h, followed by quantification of lipid ROS using fluorescence microscope with C11-BODIPY 581/591 probe. Scale bar: 50 μm. ( L ) 769-P cells were treated with 20 μM sorafenib for 24 h after pretreated with 1 μM Fer-1, 2 μM Lip-1, 50 μM DFO, 10 μM Nec-1, 25 μM Z-VAD-FMK, 25 μM 3-MA, 50 μM CQ, and 10 μM TTM, cell viability was measured via MTT assay. ( M-N ) Immunoblot analysis of key antioxidant and ferroptosis-related proteins in parental and Sora-R cell lines. For A-D and F-L , data are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 biological replicates.

Article Snippet: Human RCC cell lines 769-P, 786-O and SW839, human NSCLC cell lines A549, H1299 and the HEK-293T cell line were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and cultured in RPMI-1640 or DMEM medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) added with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.),100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at a temperature of 37 °C.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Colony Assay, Concentration Assay, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Activity Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MTT Assay, Western Blot

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: USP20 governs tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance through ferroptosis evasion by targeting GPX4 in cancers

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104086

Figure Lengend Snippet: USP20 directly interacts with GPX4. ( A ) Immunoblot analysis of target proteins in sorafenib-resistant 769-P and A549 cells following 24 h treatment with specific deubiquitinase inhibitors. ML-323: 10 μM, GSK2643943A: 10 μM, XL177A: 10 μM, Spautin-1: 10 μM, IU1: 10 μM, AZ1: 10 μM, MF-094: 10 μM, LDN-57444: 10 μM, TCID: 10 μM, PR-619: 10 μM, BAY11-7082: 10 μM, EOAI3402143: 2.5 μM, ML364: 10 μM, b-AP15: 0.5 μM. ( B ) HEK293T cells were transfected with GST-GPX4 and Flag-USP. The cell lysate was applied with GST pull-down, then analyzed with immunoblot for indicated proteins. ( C ) 769-P and A549 cells were subjected to immunoprecipitate with anti-GPX4 antibodies, then analyzed with immunoblot for indicated proteins. ( D ) Overview of USP20 structures. ( E-F ) HEK293T cells transfected with the indicated USP20 structures and Flag-GPX4 were subjected to pull-down with GSH beads or immunoprecipitate with anti-Flag antibody, then analyzed with immunoblot for indicated proteins. ( G ) 769-P and A549 cells were subjected to subcellular fractionation, then analyzed with immunoblot for indicated proteins. ( H ) Overview of GPX4 isoforms structures. ( I ) HEK293T cells transfected with the indicated GPX4 isoforms and GST-USP20 were subjected to immunoprecipitate with anti-Flag antibody, then analyzed with immunoblot for indicated proteins. ( J ) HEK293T cells transfected with the GST-USP20 WT/C154S and Flag-GPX4 were subjected to immunoprecipitate with anti-Flag antibody, then analyzed with immunoblot for indicated proteins.

Article Snippet: Human RCC cell lines 769-P, 786-O and SW839, human NSCLC cell lines A549, H1299 and the HEK-293T cell line were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and cultured in RPMI-1640 or DMEM medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) added with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.),100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at a temperature of 37 °C.

Techniques: Western Blot, Transfection, Fractionation

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: USP20 governs tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance through ferroptosis evasion by targeting GPX4 in cancers

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104086

Figure Lengend Snippet: USP20 elevates GPX4 protein abundance through post-translational regulation. ( A ) Western blot analysis of GPX4 and USP20 proteins in 769-P and A549 cells transfected with lentivirus carrying shUSP20 or negative control. ( B ) Western blot analysis of GPX4 and USP20 proteins in 786-O and HEK 293T cells transfected with GST-USP20 plasmids or vector. ( C-D ) Analysis of GPX4 and USP20 mRNA expression in shScr and shUSP20 769-P and A549 cells. ( E-H ) shScr and shUSP20 769-P (E-F) and A549 (G-H) cells were treated with 100 μg/mL CHX at indicated time points. The GPX4 protein abundance was quantified by the Image J and statistical charts are produced by GraphPad. ( I-J ) shScr and shUSP20 769-P and A549 cells were treated with 20 μM MG132 for 6 h or 20 μM CQ for 12 h, and then assessed GPX4 expression. ( K ) Western blot analysis of GPX4 proteins in HEK293 cells transfected with GST-USP20 WT or GST-USP20 C154S plasmids. ( L-M ) Western blot analysis of GPX4 proteins in USP20 knockdown HEK293 cells transfected with GST-Vector, GST-USP20 WT or GST-USP20 C154S plasmids. The GPX4 protein abundance was quantified by the Image J software and statistical charts are produced by GraphPad. ( N ) Western blot analysis of GPX4 proteins in 769-P, SW839, A549, H1299 cells treated with indicated concentration GSK2643943A for 24 h. ( O–R ) The 769-P and A549 cells were treated with 10 μM GSK2643943A for 24 h, then 100 μg/mL CHX at indicated time points. The GPX4 protein abundance was quantified by the Image J software and statistical charts are produced by GraphPad. Data in C and D are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 biological replicates.

Article Snippet: Human RCC cell lines 769-P, 786-O and SW839, human NSCLC cell lines A549, H1299 and the HEK-293T cell line were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and cultured in RPMI-1640 or DMEM medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) added with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.),100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at a temperature of 37 °C.

Techniques: Quantitative Proteomics, Western Blot, Transfection, Negative Control, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Produced, Knockdown, Software, Concentration Assay

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: USP20 governs tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance through ferroptosis evasion by targeting GPX4 in cancers

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104086

Figure Lengend Snippet: USP20 deficiency sensitizes cancer cells to FINs. ( A-B ) shScr and shUSP20 769-P (A) and A549 (B) cells were treated with 20 μM IKE for 6 h, followed by quantification of lipid ROS with C11-BODIPY 581/591 probe. ( C-D ) shScr and shUSP20 769-P (C) and A549 (D) cells were treated with indicated concentration of IKE and 1 μM Fer-1 for 48 h Cell viability was measured via MTT assay. ( E ) 786-O cells, transfected with EV or USP20-overexpressing plasmid, were treated with indicated concentration of IKE and 1 μM Fer-1 for 48 h Cell viability was measured via MTT assay. ( F-G ) shScr and shUSP20 tumor cells were cultured for 10 days while treated with 10 μM IKE and 1 μM Fer-1, the colony number was measured with Image J. ( H–I ) 786-O cells, transfected with EV or USP20-overexpressing plasmid, were cultured for 10 days while treated with 10 μM IKE and 1 μM Fer-1, the colony number was measured with Image J. ( J-N ) shScr and shUSP20 769-P cells were planted in nude mouse. After the xenografts reached 100 mm 3 , mice were treated with IKE (100 mg/kg) and Fer-1 (5 mg/kg) every three days, tumor volume (J) was measure at indicated times, xenografts were weighted at the day 32(K-L). The expressions of USP20, GPX4 and 4-HNE in the xenograft tumors were detected by immunohistochemistry and analyzed via IHC score (N). (Scale bar, 100 μM). ( O–P ) EV and USP20-overexpressing 786-O cells were planted in nude mouse. After the xenografts reached 100 mm 3 , mice were treated with IKE (100 mg/kg) and Fer-1 (5 mg/kg) every three days, tumor volume (O) was measure at indicated times, xenografts were weighted at the day 32 (P). For A-I , data are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 biological replicates. Data in J and O is presented as mean ± s.e.m., data in K, L and N is presented as mean ± s.d. n = 5 mice. shScr: shScramble. EV: empty vector. OE: USP20-overexpressing.

Article Snippet: Human RCC cell lines 769-P, 786-O and SW839, human NSCLC cell lines A549, H1299 and the HEK-293T cell line were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and cultured in RPMI-1640 or DMEM medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) added with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.),100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at a temperature of 37 °C.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, MTT Assay, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Cell Culture, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: USP20 governs tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance through ferroptosis evasion by targeting GPX4 in cancers

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104086

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of USP20 sensitives cancer cell to TKIs in vivo and in vitro . ( A ) Sorafenib-resistant 769-P cells were transfected with lentivirus expressing shRNA or shUSP20. Then cells were treated with indicated concentration of sorafenib for 24 h Cell viability was measured via MTT assay. ( B ) Sorafenib-resistant 769-P cells were treated with 10 μM GSK2643943A, following treated with indicated concentration of sorafenib for 24 h Cell viability was measured via MTT assay. ( C-D ) Sorafenib-resistant 769-P cells were treated with 10 μM GSK2643943A and 10 μM sorafenib for 10 days, the colony number was measured with Image J. ( E-J ) The growth curves of parental and sorafenib-resistant (Sora-R) 769-P xenografts in different treatment groups (GSK2643943A: 100 mg/kg every three days,7 times; Sorafenib: 100 mg/kg every three days, 7 times). Tumor volumes were measured every three days from day 14 to day 32 (E). After 32 days, the nude mice were sacrificed, and the xenografts were weighed (F-G). The expressions of USP20, GPX4 and 4-HNE in the xenograft tumors were measured by immunohistochemistry. (H, Scale bar, 100 μm). The IHC score of USP20 and 4-HNE of H (I-J). n = 5 mice per treatment group, data are presented as mean ± SD. ( K ) A model of USP20 controlling GPX4 protein at the post-translational level to ameliorate IKE-induced ferroptosis. In renal and lung carcinoma cells resistant to TKIs, the deubiquitinase USP20 is elevated. This upregulation stabilizes the GPX4 protein by removing its K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, thereby suppressing ferroptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of USP20 with GSK2643943A augments sorafenib-induced ferroptosis and restores tumor sensitivity to sorafenib. For A-D , data are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 biological replicates; data in E is presented as mean ± s.e.m., data in G, I and J are presented as mean ± s.d. n = 5 mice.

Article Snippet: Human RCC cell lines 769-P, 786-O and SW839, human NSCLC cell lines A549, H1299 and the HEK-293T cell line were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and cultured in RPMI-1640 or DMEM medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) added with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.),100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at a temperature of 37 °C.

Techniques: Inhibition, In Vivo, In Vitro, Transfection, Expressing, shRNA, Concentration Assay, MTT Assay, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Research

Article Title: IFI44 Promotes Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression via PRDX1 and Predicts Poor Prognosis

doi: 10.34133/research.1102

Figure Lengend Snippet: IFI44 knockdown inhibits malignant phenotypes in RCC cells. (A) IFI44 levels in RCC cell lines assessed by Western blot with β-actin as the control. (B) IFI44 protein levels assessed by Western blot in Caki-2 and 786-O cells following IFI44 knockdown (KD) or negative control (NC). (C and D) Densitometric quantification of IFI44 levels in Caki-2 (C) and 786-O (D) cells normalized to β-actin. (E) CCK-8 assay showing Caki-2 and 786-O cell proliferation at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. (F) Flow cytometric analysis and quantification of Caki-2 and 786-O cell apoptosis following IFI44 KD. (G) Representative wound healing images and quantification of migration rates of Caki-2 and 786-O cells after KD or NC treatment. (H) Representative images of cell migration and invasion in Caki-2 and 786-O after KD or NC treatment, with corresponding quantification of migrated/invaded cells shown below.

Article Snippet: The human RCC cell lines 786-O (TCHu186), Caki-1 (TCHu135), Caki-2 (TCHu251), and ACHN (TCHu199) were sourced from the American Type Culture Collection in Shanghai, China.

Techniques: Knockdown, Western Blot, Control, Negative Control, CCK-8 Assay, Migration

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Gut microbiota modulation of epigenetic target EHMT2: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fb7-311 regulated renal cell carcinoma apoptosis and metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01659-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a EHMT2 expression in normal and RCC samples derived from TCGA database. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (** P < 0.01). b Kaplan‒Meier plot showing that the overall survival rates of patients with low EHMT2 expression were substantially higher than those of patients with high EHMT2 expression in RCC tissues. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001). c Immunohistochemical staining for EHMT2. Kidney cancer tissues were purchased from TissueArray ( https://www.tissuearray.com ). Scale bar, 200 μm. d DAVID-based GO analysis of the RNA-seq results from the siEHMT2 (#1) and siCont groups, which included 1207 DEGs. e , f Cell growth assay after transfection with siEHMT2 and siCont for 48 h. e A498 and Caki-1 cells were fixed with 100% methanol and stained with the CV solution. Scale bar, 500 μm. f CCK-8 solution was added to the culture medium and the cells were incubated for 5 min at 37 °C. Cell growth was measured using a microplate reader (450 nm). The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001). g Western blot analysis of cells transfected with siEHMT2 transfection using anti-EHMT2, anti-PARP and anti-ACTB antibodies. ACTB was used as the internal control in A498 and Caki-1 cells. h FACS analysis of Annexin V staining was performed after the cells were transfected with siEHMT2 or siCont. The lower right and upper right quadrants indicate early apoptotic cells and late apoptotic cells, respectively (top). Quantification of apoptosis: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001) (bottom). i FACS analysis using the Muse Caspase-3/7 working solution was performed after the cells were transfected with siEHMT2 or siCont. The upper right image shows the proportions of apoptotic and dead cells (top). Quantification of caspase-3/7 activity: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001) (bottom).

Article Snippet: The human RCC cell lines A498 and Caki-1 were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank and cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 at 37 °C.

Techniques: Expressing, Derivative Assay, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, RNA Sequencing, Growth Assay, Transfection, CCK-8 Assay, Incubation, Western Blot, Control, Activity Assay

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Gut microbiota modulation of epigenetic target EHMT2: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fb7-311 regulated renal cell carcinoma apoptosis and metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01659-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Migration and invasion assays were performed using the A498 and Caki-1 cell lines after EHMT2 knockdown. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed after 24 h (A498) and 48 h (Caki-1). The migrating/invading cells were stained with CV. Scale bar, 500 μm (left). Quantification of migrating/invading cells: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001) (right). b Migration assay of A498 and Caki-1 cells after treatment with TGF-β. The cell migration assay was performed after 24 h (A498) and 48 h (Caki-1). The migrating cells were stained with CV. Scale bar, 500 μm (left). Quantification of migrating cells: the data are presented as the means ± SDs of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001) (right). c RT‒qPCR analysis of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression in cells transfected with siEHMT2. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001). d Migration and invasion assays were performed using the A498 and Caki-1 cell lines after treatment with TGF-β and EHMT2 knockdown. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed after 24 h (A498) and 48 h (Caki-1). The migrating/invading cells were stained with CV. Scale bar, 500 μm (left). Quantification of migrating/invading cells: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t- tests (** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001) (right). e RT‒qPCR analysis of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression in cells transfected with siEHMT2. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001).

Article Snippet: The human RCC cell lines A498 and Caki-1 were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank and cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 at 37 °C.

Techniques: Migration, Knockdown, Staining, Cell Migration Assay, Expressing, Transfection

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Gut microbiota modulation of epigenetic target EHMT2: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fb7-311 regulated renal cell carcinoma apoptosis and metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01659-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b Cell growth assay after treatment with BIX for 48 h: A498 and Caki-1 cells were fixed with 100% methanol and stained with a CV solution, scale bar, 500 μm ( a ); CCK-8 solution was added to the culture medium and the cells were incubated for 5 min at 37 °C. Cell growth was measured using a microplate reader (450 nm) ( b ). The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001). c Western blot analysis of cells treated with BIX using anti-EHMT2, anti-PARP and anti-ACTB antibodies. ACTB was used as the internal control in A498 and Caki-1 cells. d FACS analysis of Annexin V staining was performed after BIX treatment. The lower right and upper right quadrants indicate early apoptotic cells and late apoptotic cells, respectively (left). Quantification of apoptosis: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001) (right). e FACS analysis using the Muse Caspase-3/7 working solution was performed after BIX treatment. The upper right image shows the proportions of apoptotic and dead cells (left). Quantification of caspase-3/7 activity: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001) (right). f Migration and invasion assays were performed in A498 and Caki-1 cells after BIX treatment. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed after 24 h (A498) and 48 h (Caki-1). The migrating/invading cells were stained with CV. Scale bar, 500 μm (left). Quantification of migrating/invading cells: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001) (right). g Migration and invasion assays were performed after the A498 and Caki-1 cell lines were treated with TGF-β and BIX. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed after 24 h (A498) and 48 h (Caki-1). The migrating/invading cells were stained with CV. Scale bar, 500 μm (left). Quantification of migrating/invading cells. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments: P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (* P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001) (right). h RT‒qPCR analysis of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression in cells after BIX treatment. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (* P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001).

Article Snippet: The human RCC cell lines A498 and Caki-1 were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank and cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 at 37 °C.

Techniques: Growth Assay, Staining, CCK-8 Assay, Incubation, Western Blot, Control, Activity Assay, Migration, Expressing

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Gut microbiota modulation of epigenetic target EHMT2: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fb7-311 regulated renal cell carcinoma apoptosis and metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01659-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a A heat map of RNA-seq data from siEHMT2- and siCont-transfected cells. b RNA-seq results for DDIT3 expression after EHMT2 knockdown. c RT‒qPCR analysis of DDIT3 expression in cells transfected with siEHMT2. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001). d Correlation analysis of the expression of the EHMT2 and DDIT3 genes derived from TCGA portal and using analysis of variance (ANOVA). e Immunohistochemical staining for EHMT2 and DDIT3. Kidney cancer tissues were purchased from TissueArray ( https://www.tissuearray.com ). Scale bar, 200 μm. f Immunocytochemical staining for DDIT3. A498 and Caki-1 cells transfected with siEHMT2 and siCont were fixed with 100% methanol and stained with an anti-DDIT3 antibody (Alexa Fluor 488, green) and DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 150 μm. g Graphical abstract of the ChIP primer design for the DDIT3 promoter region. h The ChIP assay was performed with an anti-H3K9me2 antibody. The result is shown as relative enrichment compared to the control in A498 and Caki-1 cells after siEHMT2 transfection. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01).

Article Snippet: The human RCC cell lines A498 and Caki-1 were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank and cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 at 37 °C.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Transfection, Expressing, Knockdown, Derivative Assay, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Control

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Gut microbiota modulation of epigenetic target EHMT2: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fb7-311 regulated renal cell carcinoma apoptosis and metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01659-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Immunocytochemical staining for DDIT3. A498 and Caki-1 cells were treated with BIX, fixed with 100% methanol and stained with an anti-DDIT3 antibody (Alexa Fluor 488, green) and DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 300 μm. b The ChIP assay was performed with an anti-H3K9me2 antibody. The results are shown as relative enrichment compared to the control in A498 and Caki-1 cells after BIX treatment. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001). c Cell growth assay after cotransfection with siDDIT3 and siEHMT2 for 48 h. A498 and Caki-1 cells were fixed with 100% methanol and stained with a CV solution. Scale bar, 500 μm (top). CCK-8 solution was added to the culture medium and the cells were incubated for 5 min at 37 °C. Cell growth was measured using a microplate reader (450 nm). The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001) (bottom). d FACS analysis of Annexin V staining was performed after cells were cotransfected with siDDIT3 and siEHMT2. Quantification of apoptosis: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001). e FACS analysis using the Muse Caspase-3/7 working solution was performed after cells were cotransfected with siDDIT3 and siEHMT2. Quantification of caspase-3/7 activity: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001). f Western blot analysis of cells cotransfected with siDDIT3 and siEHMT2 using anti-EHMT2, anti-PARP and anti-ACTB antibodies. ACTB was used as the internal control in A498 and Caki-1 cells.

Article Snippet: The human RCC cell lines A498 and Caki-1 were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank and cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 at 37 °C.

Techniques: Staining, Control, Growth Assay, Cotransfection, CCK-8 Assay, Incubation, Activity Assay, Western Blot

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Gut microbiota modulation of epigenetic target EHMT2: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fb7-311 regulated renal cell carcinoma apoptosis and metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01659-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Cell growth assay after treatment with Fb7-311 for 24 h. A498 and Caki-1 cells were fixed with 100% methanol and stained with a CV solution. Scale bar, 500 μm (top). CCK-8 solution was added to the culture medium and the cells were incubated for 5 min at 37 °C. Cell growth was measured using a microplate reader (450 nm). The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001) (bottom). b FACS analysis of Annexin V staining was performed after cells were treated with Fb7-311. The lower right and upper right quadrants indicate early apoptotic cells and late apoptotic cells, respectively (top). Quantification of apoptosis: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001) (bottom). c FACS analysis using the Muse Caspase-3/7 working solution was performed after cells were treated with Fb7-311. The upper right image shows the proportions of apoptotic and dead cells (top). Quantification of caspase-3/7 activity: the data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (* P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001) (bottom). d RT‒qPCR analysis of EHMT2 and DDIT3 expression after cells were treated with Fb7-311. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001). e Western blot analysis of cells treated with Fb7-311 using anti-EHMT2, anti-PARP and anti-ACTB antibodies. ACTB was used as the internal control in A498 and Caki-1 cells. f Immunocytochemical staining for EHMT2 and DDIT3. A498 and Caki-1 cells were treated with Fb7-311 fixed with 100% methanol and stained with an anti-DDIT3 antibody (Alexa Fluor 488, green) and DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 150 μm. g The ChIP assay was performed with an anti-H3K9me2 antibody on the DDIT3 promoter region. The result is shown as relative enrichment compared to the control in A498 and Caki-1 cells after Fb7-311 treatment. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (** P < 0.01). h Cell growth assay after treatment with indole-3-carbinol for 72 h. A498 cells were fixed with 100% methanol and stained with a CV solution. Scale bar, 500 μm (left). CCK-8 solution was added to the culture medium and the cells were incubated for 5 min at 37 °C. Cell growth was measured using a microplate reader (450 nm). The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001) (right). i RT‒qPCR analysis of EHMT2 and DDIT3 expression after cells were treated with indole-3-carbinol. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (** P < 0.01).

Article Snippet: The human RCC cell lines A498 and Caki-1 were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank and cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 at 37 °C.

Techniques: Growth Assay, Staining, CCK-8 Assay, Incubation, Activity Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Control

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Gut microbiota modulation of epigenetic target EHMT2: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fb7-311 regulated renal cell carcinoma apoptosis and metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01659-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a The 3D spheroid formation assay. The cells transfected with siEHMT2 and siCont were loaded onto ULA plates and incubated for 48 h. The cells were photographed under a microscope each day. Scale bar, 500 μm. b Western blot analysis of cells after EHMT2 knockdown using anti-PARP and anti-ACTB antibodies. ACTB was used as the internal control in A498 cell. c RT‒qPCR analysis of EHMT2 and DDIT3 expression after EHMT2 knockdown. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001). d The 3D spheroid formation assay. Cells cotransfected with siEHMT2 and siDDIT3 were loaded onto ULA plates and incubated for 48 h. The cells were photographed under a microscope each day. Scale bar, 500 μm. e Western blot analysis of cells cotransfected with siEHMT2 and siDDIT3 using anti-PARP and anti-ACTB antibodies. ACTB was used as the internal control in A498 cell. f RT‒qPCR analysis of EHMT2 and DDIT3 expression in cells cotransfected with siEHMT2 and siDDIT3. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001). g The 3D spheroid formation assay. After BIX was added to ULA plates, the cells were incubated for 48 h. The cells were then photographed under a microscope each day. Scale bar, 500 μm. h Western blot analysis of cells treated with BIX using anti-PARP and anti-ACTB antibodies. ACTB was used as the internal control in A498 cell. i RT‒qPCR analysis of DDIT3 expression in cells treated with BIX. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -test (*** P < 0.001). j The 3D spheroid formation assay. The cells were loaded onto ULA plates after treatment with Fb7-311 and incubated for 48 h. The cells were photographed under a microscope each day. Scale bar, 500 μm. k Western blot analysis of Fb7-311-treated cells using anti-PARP and anti-ACTB antibodies. ACTB was used as the internal control in A498 cell. l RT‒qPCR analysis of EHMT2 and DDIT3 expression in Fb7-311-treated cells. The data are presented as the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. P values were calculated using Student’s t -tests (** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001). m , n BIX treatment suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice. Both the control and BIX were intraperitoneally injected three times a week after A498 cell implantation: tumor volumes ( P values were calculated using two-way ANOVA (** P < 0.01)) (m) and macroscopic image of tumors on day 24 ( n ). o Representative H&E-stained mouse tumor sections. Scale bars, 200 μm. p Immunohistochemical staining for DDIT3 in mouse tumor sections. Scale bar, 200 μm.

Article Snippet: The human RCC cell lines A498 and Caki-1 were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank and cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 at 37 °C.

Techniques: Tube Formation Assay, Transfection, Incubation, Microscopy, Western Blot, Knockdown, Control, Expressing, Injection, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining